Diabetic Kidney Disease: Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetic Patient Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

 

Diabetic Kidney Disease

What is Diabetic Kidney Disease?

Diabetic kidney disease, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is a type of kidney disease caused by diabetes. Over time, diabetes can damage the tiny blood vessels (glomeruli) in the kidneys, causing them to leak protein or sometimes stop working completely. When this happens, toxins that should pass through the kidneys and leave the body in urine build up in the bloodstream. This is called kidney failure. Diabetic Kidney Disease is the leading cause of kidney failure in the developed world.

Risk Factors for Diabetic Kidney Disease

There are several factors that can increase a person's risk of developing Diabetic Kidney Disease:

- Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: Having either type 1 or type 2 diabetes significantly increases the risk. The longer a person has diabetes, the greater their risk of kidney disease.

- Poor Blood Sugar Control: Higher levels of blood sugar/glucose over long periods place added strain on the kidneys and blood vessels. Stricter control of blood sugar levels can help reduce kidney disease risk.

- High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure from any cause accelerates kidney damage caused by diabetes.

- Smoking: Smoking increases the hardening of arteries and is a significant risk factor for developing kidney disease.

- Family History: Genetics can play a role, so those with a family history may be at higher risk.

- Obesity: Extra weight and excess abdominal fat put added stress on the kidneys. Losing excess pounds through diet and exercise can help manage disease risk and progression.

Stages and Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease

Diabetic Kidney Disease develops gradually through five distinct stages as kidney function declines:

Stage 1: Kidney damage (such as protein in the urine) with normal kidney function.

Stage 2: Kidney damage with mildly decreased kidney function.

Stage 3: Moderately decreased kidney function.

Stage 4: Severely decreased kidney function.

Stage 5: Kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant.

Most people will not have any symptoms until stage 3 or later as the kidneys compensate early on. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include swelling, fatigue, vomiting, loss of appetite and sleep problems. Untreated, it often leads to complete kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant.

Diagnosing and Monitoring Diabetic Kidney Disease

Diabetic kidney disease is typically diagnosed through:

- Urine Tests: Microalbuminuria (small amounts of albumin or protein in urine) and albuminuria (larger amounts of albumin) indicate early kidney damage.

- Blood Tests: Serum creatinine and eGFR levels indicate the filtration rate of the kidneys. Higher creatinine and lower eGFR indicate worsening kidney function.

- Kidney Biopsy: Rarely needed but can confirm kidney disease and its stage if diagnosis is unclear.

Regular urine and blood tests are needed to monitor progression at every doctor's visit. Proper management of blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol and lifestyle factors can help slow disease progression in its early stages.

Treatment and Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease

While there is no cure, treatment focuses on slowing disease progression through:

- Strict Blood Sugar Control: With diet, oral meds or insulin therapy. Even modest reductions lower disease risk.

- Blood Pressure Control: Maintaining BP under 130/80 mmHg through lifestyle changes and medications.

- Cholesterol Management: For overall heart and kidney health.

- Dietary Changes: To manage fluids, sodium, potassium, protein and more depending on kidney function stage.

- Medications: Such as ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower blood pressure and protect the kidneys.

- Dialysis: If kidneys fail, dialysis removes waste until a transplant is done.

- Kidney Transplant: The transplant can restore kidney function and greatly improve quality of life. Life-long anti-rejection medications are required.

With optimized treatment, regular screening and lifestyle changes, the progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease can often be slowed significantly - providing better outcomes and quality of life. Early diagnosis and management under a healthcare team is crucial.

Prognosis and Prevention of Diabetic Kidney Disease

The longer a person has diabetes and the poorer their control, the greater the chances of kidney damage. But with diligent management:

- Symptoms can initially be prevented or delayed by 3-5 years.

- Once symptoms appear, overall survival on dialysis is 5-10 years on average but varies greatly.

- A kidney transplant increases lifespan greatly versus long-term dialysis.

In Summary, lifestyle changes matter most for prevention through healthy weight, exercise, not smoking, low sodium diet and stress management. Annual screening allows early detection when treatment is most effective at slowing progression. With a team approach, diabetic kidney disease can be monitored and progression minimized through diligent self-care. Education empowers patients to take an active role in their overall health.

 

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About Author
Alice Mutum, is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights.

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